Telecom Archives - Telecompedia https://telecompedia.net/category/telecom/ Easy Explanation, Mostly Visualization Sun, 05 Jun 2022 11:07:22 +0000 en-US hourly 1 https://wordpress.org/?v=7.0.7 https://telecompedia.net/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/cropped-Original-2-32x32.png Telecom Archives - Telecompedia https://telecompedia.net/category/telecom/ 32 32 D-RAN, C-RAN, vRAN and Open RAN https://telecompedia.net/ran/ https://telecompedia.net/ran/#respond Sun, 05 Jun 2022 10:45:40 +0000 https://telecompedia.net/?p=1328 RAN domain is an expensive part of any cellular network, even it can cost more than 60% from total budget of CAPEX and OPEX for any MNO. And also since beginning this domain had a lots of dependency by the READ MORE

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RAN domain is an expensive part of any cellular network, even it can cost more than 60% from total budget of CAPEX and OPEX for any MNO. And also since beginning this domain had a lots of dependency by the vendors. If an MNO builds a cellular network, then hardware and software must from the same vendor. And a lots of other constraints, dependencies and costs urge the vendors and operators to enhance the RAN domain with new approaches. Let’s review them one by one:

 

D-RAN stands for Distributed-RAN, it is one of the early versions of radio access network where Remote Radio Head (RRH, also known as RRU) and Base-band Unit (BBU) are co-located in the physical location for each cell site. So, the RAN is distributed all over the geographical area.

Of course, it was beneficial until new options arrived at the stage, which we will talk one by one according to the phases below.

Disadvantages:

  • Vendor lock-in for both hardware RRH/BBU and software must be from the same vendor
  • Insufficient resource sharing. In case of low traffic areas, RAN capacity will not be sufficiently utilized.
  • High operatorial costs. Each site should be visited by field maintenance engineers which directly impacts OPEX.

 

C-RAN stands for Centralized-RAN and also known as Cloud-RAN. It is an enhanced version of D-RAN. Why? The reason, now the BBU will not be co-located with RRH in the cell site place. BBU of multiple cell sites will be in the same physical premises and the resources can be shared dynamically (called as BBU Pool or BBU Hotel). That is a great achieved approach with many advantages.

Interface name between BBU and RRH is called as fronthaul

Advantages:

  • Computing resource sharing constitutes such as CPU, RAM etc.
  • Reduced operational costs, where multiple sites can be maintained from the same physical location. Saving from rental fees (larger place is required in case of RRH/BBU co-location).
  • Improved inter-cell coordination (e.g., eICIC works more efficiently due to low latency communication between different sites).

Disadvantages:

  • Still keeps vendor dependency like D-RAN
  • High data burden on fronthaul due to large amount of data from RRH to BBU for processing. But further to overcome this issue 3GPP proposed functional splits between three entities like Radio Unit, Distributed Unit (DU) and Central Unit (CU). In this case some major processing can be done in DU (e.g., RLC, MAC, PHY) and in CU (e.g., RRC, PDCP and SDAP in 5G scenario).

 

vRAN stands for Virtualized-RAN. It is almost same like C-RAN but now there is no hardware dependency on some major entities of the RAN architecture. BBU as a software package is on top of COTS servers. What does it mean ?

It means, BBU (it can also be functional split like vDU and vCU) is only a software package provided by a vendor. It will be located on the COTS server as a VNF or CNF.

COTS servers are commercially available off-the-shelf, so it can be easily purchased from a COTS server producer and put the BBU software top of it.

But even though it could be achieved software-hardware decoupling at BBU level, still it has disadvantages like:

  • Not open interfaces, still vendor proprietary exits. RRH and BBU (vDU and vCU) must be from the same vendor.

 

Open RAN, this is latest enhanced version of RAN solution. It keeps all benefits of C-RAN and vRAN solutions but now opens interfaces between RRH, vDU and vCU plus adds intelligent to the radio access network. In this case there will be no vendor lock-in, and the MNO can compose the RAN network with different vendors.

For having complete understanding of Open RAN solution, you can check these articles:

Open RAN with Bullets – Part 1

Open RAN with Bullets – Part 2

Let’s recap here about different approaches of Radio Access Networks:

D-RAN: Radio Unit and Baseband Unit co-locate in each cell site. Software and hardware must be from the same vendor.

C-RAN: Radio Unit locates in cell site, but Baseband Unit locates in centralized location. Software and hardware must be from the same vendor.

vRAN: Radio Unit locates in cell site and Baseband Unit locates in centralized location or can be functional split as DU, CU. The BBU is virtualized and locates on top of COTS server, but still BBU and RRU must be from the same vendor.

Open RAN: as the name gives hint, the interfaces will be open between Radio Unit, DU, and CU. There is no vendor dependency, each entity can be supplied from different vendor. You may also see O-RAN and OpenRAN (without hyphen) in different documents. These are not another versions of RAN solution, to find an answer check Open RAN with Bullets – Part 1

  • D-RAN is not C-RAN
  • C-RAN is not vRAN
  • vRAN is not Open RAN

but Open RAN has parts from all previous RAN solutions, and it is intelligent with RIC.

 

Reference:

  • VIAVI – Cloud-RAN Deployment with CPRI Fronthaul Technology
  • Potentials and Challenges of C-RAN Supporting – Rui Wang, Honglin Hu, Xiumei Yang
  • Coordination inside centralized radio access networks with limited fronthaul capacity – Jialong Duan

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Open RAN with Bullets – Part 2 https://telecompedia.net/open-ran-with-bullets-part-2/ https://telecompedia.net/open-ran-with-bullets-part-2/#comments Sun, 22 May 2022 16:27:13 +0000 https://telecompedia.net/?p=1310 Even though I have already described high level of O-RAN defined Open RAN architecture in the previous post, now I want to give a bit more details about the architecture options including bundling RAN domain elements in terms of O1 READ MORE

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Even though I have already described high level of O-RAN defined Open RAN architecture in the previous post, now I want to give a bit more details about the architecture options including bundling RAN domain elements in terms of O1 and E2 interfaces.

Above illustration depicts:

  1. External application server which connects to Non-Real Time RIC. Either it can be V2X Server or UAV Server, it depends on the use case. Usually, enrichment information is obtained from the server to use in AI/ML model tuning.
  2. Even though here it is shown as different cloud infrastructure for each element of RAN domain, it is also possible to be on the same physical resources. So, O-CU, O-DU can be hosted on the same cloud environment. Consequently, it depends on deployment strategy of the service providers.
  3. We can see RAN protocol stack functional split between elements. Example SDAP is hosted by O-CU-UP and RLC, MAC are hosted by O-DU. General idea of the RAN functional split comes from the 3GPP and it has multiple suggestions (Option 1, Option 2, Option 3 etc.). But the O-RAN Alliance obtained Option 7 and Option 2 and specified it in Open RAN.

Which functional split to be used depends on service deployment scenarios such as URLLC, but O-RAN Alliance supports most optimal one as depicted above.

4. Even though 5G Core network is not mandatory to be presented while explaining the Open RAN, but I think it would be better if we can see big picture like connection of O-CU UP with UPF which carries user plane traffic and O-CU CP with AMF which carries control plane traffic.

 

Open RAN Elements Bundling Options

Although O-RAN specified elements in Open RAN architecture as different nodes and individual E2 and O1 connections to those elements:

  • Near-Real Time RIC
  • O – CU – CP
  • O – CU – UP
  • O – DU
  • O – RU

It is also possible to bundle these nodes in different deployments options (so far it is specified 7 options by O-RAN), and in this case O1 and E2 interfaces will be connected to the bundle (as group) and manage them as single element.

 

  • Aggregation O-CU-CP and O-CU-UP
  • Aggregation Near-RT RIC, O-CU-CP and O-CU-UP

Click on image to enlarge

  • Aggregation O-CU-CP, O-CU-UP and O-DU
  • Aggregation O-CU-CP, O-CU-UP, O-DU and O-RU

Click on image to enlarge

 

  • Aggregation O-DU and O-RU
  • Aggregation Near-RT RIC, O-CU-CP, O-CU-UP, O-DU and O-RU

Click on image to enlarge

 

References:

  • Toward Next Generation Open Radio Access – IEEE Network Magazine 2022
  • O-RAN-Architecture-Description, Technical Specification

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Open RAN with Bullets – Part 1 https://telecompedia.net/open-ran-with-bullets-part-1/ https://telecompedia.net/open-ran-with-bullets-part-1/#comments Sun, 15 May 2022 17:23:57 +0000 https://telecompedia.net/?p=1301 At current era, all fields of telecommunication are moving forward much faster than comparing previous decades. Even though most of the MNOs have not deployed stand-alone 5G Core network yet, 6G becomes to be appear in the discussion platforms. One READ MORE

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At current era, all fields of telecommunication are moving forward much faster than comparing previous decades. Even though most of the MNOs have not deployed stand-alone 5G Core network yet, 6G becomes to be appear in the discussion platforms. One of the most prominent subjects in the telecom industry now is Open-RAN which promises to add obvious values and opportunities from giant vendors, operators and mainly to small vendors and start-ups.

Initially I planned to summarize overall Open RAN approach in one post with 3-4 pages, but it will not be possible and may reach up to 10 pages. That is the reason today we will talk about Open RAN architecture overview then upcoming series use cases and split options will be covered. I will try to put the key information with bullets to memorize well. Let’s start with:

 

– OpenRAN or O-RAN. Are both totally different or working for the same goal ? In a short answer the goal is same for Open RAN approach.

  • Without hyphen or space, the term OpenRAN was initiated by Facebook and its partners, and the primary approach is to build 2G, 3G, 4G and 5G RAN solutions based on general-purpose vendor-neutral hardware, open interfaces, and software. It is under global community of organization and companies as Telecom Infra Project (TIP).
  • O-RAN is an alliance of many organizations and companies for Open RAN approach. It generates specifications to be tested, produces solutions, and deployed by the vendors and operators respectively.
  • So, we if can try recap the main difference between two groups as O-RAN group is to build standards for Open RAN approach and OpenRAN group is mostly to accelerate the development and deployment by the vendors and mobile network operators. This is what I could reach as conclusion so far, maybe later I will be able to find exact differentiation.

 

– What is the primary purpose of Open RAN approach?

  • No more vendor lock-in necessity in RAN domain. It will urge to build multi-vendor ecosystem by the MNOs. Example, RRH can be supplied by Nokia, vDU/vCU can be supplied by Huawei and xApp can be provided by a small software company.
  • Intelligent automated RAN domain management and optimization. 3rd party software developer companies will take major part on it with rApps and xApps (will talk about a bit later in this article with few use cases)
  • If there is automation, it is obvious that cost saving will be one of the primary benefits of Open RAN solution. TCO or with complete name total cost of ownership will be reduced.

 

– How will above targets be achieved?

  • Open and interoperable interfaces between multiple nodes of RAN domain. It means, different vendor products will operate smoothly with each other. That is the main job of O-RAN alliance to produce specifications.
  • Usage of big data and AI/ML models to make more intelligent of traditional RAN domain.

 

– How is the high level of O-RAN specified Open RAN architecture ?

– Several new elements can be seen in this architecture like:

  • O-Cloud
  • O-RU
  • O-DU
  • O-CU-UP
  • O-CU-CP
  • O-eNB
  • Near-Real Time RIC
  • Non-Real Time RIC
  • SMO (Service Management and Orchestration Framework)

 

– As well as several interface names may be not familiar with you:

  • O2
  • O1
  • E2
  • A1
  • Open FH CUS-Plane
  • Open FH M-Plane
  • The rest are same with 3GPP specified like E1, F1-c, F1-u, X2-c X2-u, Xn-u, Xn-c, NG-c, NG-u

 

Before jumping to the introduction of each element and interface in this architecture, let me give a hint that, not everything is new name from scratch. Most of them are similar with 3GPP given name. Just O-RAN alliance added capital “O” in front of existing terms to present them as “Open”. Like vDU is presenting Virtualized DU and here it is O-DU.

  • O-Cloud is a cloud computing platform with physical infrastructure (e.g., storage, network card, CPU etc.).
  • O-DU (Distributed Unit), O-CU-UP (Central Unit – User Plane), O-CU-CP (Central Unit – Control Plane) may be virtualized network function (VNF) or container network function (CNF) on top of the O-Cloud.
  • O-RU is Open Radio Unit, like traditionally known as RRH or RRU but now it supports interoperability with other vendors too. Virtualization of O-RU is future study according to the O-RAN specification.
  • O-eNB is an enhanced version of eNodeB which is also known as ng-eNB can work under 5G Core. It is expected to support O-RAN specifications too.

 

– Near-Real Time RIC, let’s get more details about it:

  • Near Real Time means operation and decision time is between 10ms-1s, it is very close to the real time processes of the network elements like in O-CU or O-DU.
  • RIC is RAN Intelligent Controller, as cited above that one of the primary purposes of Open RAN approach is automation and management. That is the RIC is doing here.
  • Near Real Time RIC collects fine-grained (detailed, low-level) information from the RAN elements through E2 interfaces and may use AI/ML models for further resource control or optimization of RAN elements.
  • Near Real Time RIC can host 3rd party software applications which is called xApp, the amount may be one or more. The role of those xApps can be above mentioned actions like data collection, optimization.
  • Near Real Time RIC can be hosted in O-Cloud infrastructure.

 

– SMO or Service Management and Orchestration Framework, it is similar conventional EMS (Element Management System in various domain like RAN or Core). But SMO has more capability and responsibility like:

  • Cloud management and orchestration like scale-in, scale-out. Delete, create, modify resources and software management etc. All is done through O2 interface between SMO and O-Cloud.
  • Fault management, configuration management, performance management of RAN elements. All is done through O1 interface between SMO and RAN elements.
  • SMO and O-RU, there is an interface between these entities. It is called as Open Fronthaul Management Plane like abbreviated as Open FH M-Plane. SMO role here is to make O-RU start-up installation, software management, fault management, configuration management and performance management.

 

– Non-Real Time RIC:

  • As the name is similar to Near-Real Time RIC, but now the execution times of use cases are not near real time and is almost 1 second or more.
  • It is hosted within SMO
  • Like Near-Real Time RIC, also Non-Real Time RIC can obtain 3rd party software applications, and it is called rApp. When we say 3rd party software application, the full set of SMO can also be supplied by the same vendor which depends on MNO chose.
  • Primary roles of Non-Real Time RIC are to enable non-real time optimization of RAN elements, provide policy-based guidance to applications (xApps) of Near-Real Time RIC through A1 interface.
  • Non-Real Time RIC also trains AI/ML models and makes data analytics.

 

References:

  • O-RAN-Architecture-Description, Technical Specification
  • Telecominfraproject (TIP)
  • O-RAN Alliance
  • NTT Docomo, 5G Open RAN Ecosystem

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5G Core Network Overview https://telecompedia.net/5g-core-network-overview/ https://telecompedia.net/5g-core-network-overview/#respond Sat, 18 Jul 2020 14:13:52 +0000 http://telecompedia.net/?p=543 The post 5G Core Network Overview appeared first on Telecompedia.

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We already paced to a new era with 5G which is completely different than legacy technologies. 5G is not only high data internet speed service provider, it covers a very large scale of areas such as logistic industry, transportation, entertainment, farming, planting and many others. But today we will not talk about delivered services by 5G, instead of that we will briefly present the heart of the technology which is 5GC or in other word 5G Core Network.

 

  • Introduction
  • 5G Core Architecture models
  • List of Network Functions and entities.
  • Interface Names in Reference Point Architecture
  • Interface Names in Service Based Architecture
  • Functionalities of Network Functions and entities

 

Introduction

Typical 5G system network architecture consists of Core Network, Access Network and User Equipment, this part is a bit like previous generations which we already have such domains.

The 5G System architecture is defined to support data connectivity and services enabling deployments to use techniques such as e.g. Network Function Virtualization and Software Defined Networking. The 5G System architecture shall leverage service-based interactions between Control Plane (CP) Network Functions where identified. Some key principles and concept are to:

  • Separate the User Plane (UP) functions from the Control Plane (CP) functions, allowing independent scalability, evolution and flexible deployments e.g. centralized location or distributed (remote) location.
  • Modularize the function design, e.g. to enable flexible and efficient network slicing.
  • Enable each Network Function and its Network Function Services to interact with other NF and its Network Function Services directly or indirectly via a Service Communication Proxy if required.
  • Minimize dependencies between the Access Network (AN) and the Core Network (CN). The architecture is defined with a converged core network with a common AN – CN interface which integrates different Access

 

5G Core Architecture models

3GPP specified and presents both versions of 5G system architectures:

  • Reference Point System Architecture
  • Service Based System Architecture

A reference point representation, shows the interaction exist between network elements by point-to-point reference point. It is like a point-point interface between two network elements e.g. N11 interface between AMF and SMF. In reference point system architecture, the interface names are labeled like: N5, N7, N8 etc.

5G Reference Point System Architecture
5G Reference Point System Architecture

A service-based representation, where network functions (e.g. AMF) within the Control Plane enables other authorized network functions to access their services. This representation also includes point-to-point reference points where necessary. In service-based system architecture each network functions are connected to a bus and connection labeled like: Namf, Nsmf, Nudm etc.

5G Service Based System Architecture
5G Service Based System Architecture

NFs and NF services can communicate directly, referred to as Direct Communication, or indirectly via the SCP, referred to as Indirect Communication. We will have SCP description below.

 

Network Functions and entities

The 5G System architecture consists of the following network functions (NF).

– Authentication Server Function (AUSF)
– Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF)
– Data Network (DN)
– Unstructured Data Storage Function (UDSF)
– Network Exposure Function (NEF)
– Network Repository Function (NRF)
– Network Slice Specific Authentication and Authorization Function (NSSAAF)
– Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF)
– Policy Control Function (PCF)
– Session Management Function (SMF)
– Unified Data Management (UDM)
– Unified Data Repository (UDR)
– User Plane Function (UPF)
– Application Function (AF)
– User Equipment (UE)
– (Radio) Access Network ((R)AN)
– 5G-Equipment Identity Register (5G-EIR)
– Network Data Analytics Function (NWDAF)
– CHarging Function (CHF)
– Service Communication Proxy (SCP)

 

Interface Names in Reference Point Architecture

The 5G System Architecture contains the following reference points:

N1: Reference point between the UE and the AMF.
N2: Reference point between the (R)AN and the AMF.
N3: Reference point between the (R)AN and the UPF.
N4: Reference point between the SMF and the UPF.
N6: Reference point between the UPF and a Data Network.
N9: Reference point between two UPFs.
N5: Reference point between the PCF and an AF.
N7: Reference point between the SMF and the PCF.
N8: Reference point between the UDM and the AMF.
N10: Reference point between the UDM and the SMF.
N11: Reference point between the AMF and the SMF.
N12: Reference point between AMF and AUSF.
N13: Reference point between the UDM and Authentication Server function the AUSF.
N14: Reference point between two AMFs.
N15: Reference point between the PCF and the AMF
N16: Reference point between two SMFs
N16a: Reference point between SMF and I-SMF.
N17: Reference point between AMF and 5G-EIR.
N18: Reference point between any NF and UDSF.
N19: Reference point between two PSA UPFs for 5G LAN-type service.
N22: Reference point between AMF and NSSF.
N23: Reference point between PCF and NWDAF.
N24: Reference point between the PCF in the visited network and the PCF in the home network.
N26: Reference point between AMF and MME
N27: Reference point between NRF in the visited network and the NRF in the home network.
N28: Reference point between PCF and CHF.
N29: Reference point between NEF and SMF.
N30: Reference point between PCF and NEF.
N31: Reference point between the NSSF in the visited network and the NSSF in the home network.
N32: Reference point between SEPP in the visited network and the SEPP in the home network.
N33: Reference point between NEF and AF.
N34: Reference point between NSSF and NWDAF.
N35: Reference point between UDM and UDR.
N36: Reference point between PCF and UDR.
N37: Reference point between NEF and UDR.
N38: Reference point between I-SMFs.
N40: Reference point between SMF and the CHF.
N50: Reference point between AMF and the CBCF.
N51: Reference point between AMF and NEF.
N52: Reference point between NEF and UDM.
N55: Reference point between AMF and the UCMF.
N56: Reference point between NEF and the UCMF.
N57: Reference point between AF and the UCMF.
N58: Reference point between AMF and the NSSAAF.
N59: Reference point between UDM and the NSSAAF.
NOTE: The reference points from N40 up to and including N49 are reserved for future usage

 

Interface Names in Service Based Architecture

Namf: Service-based interface exhibited by AMF.
Nsmf: Service-based interface exhibited by SMF.
Nnef: Service-based interface exhibited by NEF.
Npcf: Service-based interface exhibited by PCF.
Nudm: Service-based interface exhibited by UDM.
Naf: Service-based interface exhibited by AF.
Nnrf: Service-based interface exhibited by NRF.
Nnssaaf: Service-based interface exhibited by NSSAAF.
Nnssf: Service-based interface exhibited by NSSF.
Nausf: Service-based interface exhibited by AUSF.
Nudr: Service-based interface exhibited by UDR.
Nudsf: Service-based interface exhibited by UDSF.
N5g-eir: Service-based interface exhibited by 5G-EIR.
Nnwdaf: Service-based interface exhibited by NWDAF.
Nchf: Service-based interface exhibited by CHF.
Nucmf: Service-based interface exhibited by UCMF.

 

Responsibilities of Network Functions and entities

Authentication Server Function (AUSF) is responsible to handle authentication requests for both, 3GPP access and untrusted non-3GPP access.

Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) has huge number of responsibilities, but below ones are some of them: Registration management, Connection management, Reachability management, Mobility Management, Access Authentication, Access Authorization.

Data Network (DN), e.g. operator services, Internet access or 3rd party services.

Unstructured Data Storage Function (UDSF) is introduced to store dynamic state data (e.g. UE-related data, context can be stored in a central UDSF and multiple AMF can reach this context anytime to handle the procedure for seamless continuation of services in case of serving AMF experience outage). Network functions may have their own UDSF or it can be common. Here structured data refers to data for which the structure is defined in 3GPP specifications and unstructured data refers to data for which the structure is not defined in 3GPP specifications.

Network Exposure Function (NEF) supports exposure of network functions capabilities in 5G system to external network functions such as 3rd party, Application Functions. External exposure can be categorized as Monitoring capability, Provisioning capability, Policy/Charging capability and Analytics reporting capability. The Monitoring capability is for monitoring of specific event for UE in 5G System and making such monitoring events information available for external exposure via the NEF. The Provisioning capability is for allowing external party to provision of information which can be used for the UE in 5G System. The Policy/Charging capability is for handling QoS and charging policy for the UE based on the request from external party. The Analytics reporting capability is for allowing an external party to fetch or subscribe/unsubscribe to analytics information generated by 5G System (e.g. roaming status of a specific UE is reported by UDM to NEF and the NEF will transfer it to the 3rd party network function). Also 3rd party applications might be untrusted and NEF can be required.

Network Repository Function (NRF) is used for service discovering of network functions or simply say it allows every network function to discover the service list offered by other network functions.

Network Slice Specific Authentication and Authorization Function (NSSAAF) supports Network Slice-Specific Authentication and Authorization with a AAA Server (AAA-S). If the AAA-S belongs to a third party, the NSSAAF may contact the AAA-S via a AAA proxy (AAA-P).

Network Slice Selection Function (NSSF) is a control plane function within 5G core network and supports below functions for network slicing:

– Selecting the set of Network Slice instances serving the UE;

– Determining the Allowed NSSAI and, if needed, the mapping to the Subscribed S-NSSAIs;

– Determining the Configured NSSAI and, if needed, the mapping to the Subscribed S-NSSAIs;

– Determining the AMF Set to be used to serve the UE, or, based on configuration, a list of candidate AMF(s), possibly by querying the NRF.

Policy Control Function (PCF) provides policy rules to Control Plane functions (e.g. AMF) to enforce them, accesses subscription information relevant for policy decisions in a Unified Data Repository (UDR).

Session Management Function (SMF) includes the following functionality:

– Session Management e.g. Session Establishment, modify and release, including tunnel maintain between UPF and AN node.

– UE IP address allocation & management.

– DHCPv4 (server and client) and DHCPv6 (server and client) functions.

– Downlink Data Notification.

– Support P-CSCF discovery for IMS services.

Unified Data Management (UDM) is a control plane function of 5G core network, it is similar HSS in 4G network. It has following functionalities: subscription management, SMS management, storage and management of SUPI for each subscriber in the 5G system. Here SUPI is “Each subscriber in the 5G System shall be allocated one 5G Subscription Permanent Identifier (SUPI) for use within the 3GPP system. The 5G System supports identification of subscriptions independently of identification of the user equipment. Each UE accessing the 5G System shall be assigned a Permanent Equipment Identifier (PEI)”.

Unified Data Repository (UDR) is another type of storage which stores data belongs to UDM, PCF or NEF and others. It can be dedicated for a network function (e.g. only for UDM) or can be shared between multiple network functions. UDR has following functions:

– Storage and retrieval of subscription data by the UDM.

– Storage and retrieval of policy data by the PCF.

– Storage and retrieval of structured data for exposure.

User Plane Function (UPF) is responsible for routing and forwarding user plane packets Access Node (gNB) and external data network. It handles downlink packet buffering and downlink data notification triggering. Anchor point for Intra-/Inter-RAT mobility when applicable.

Application Function (AF) is a control plane function within 5G core network, provides application services to the subscriber. Example it can be for video streaming service. If an AF is trusted it can interact directly with 5GC network functions or if it is 3rd party, then it should interact with an NEF.

Network Data Analytics Function (NWDAF) represents operator managed network analytics logical function. The NWDAF includes the following functionality:

– Support data collection from NFs and AFs;

– Support data collection from OAM;

– Support analytics information provisioning to NFs, AF.

CHarging Function (CHF) is not described in this page, you can find specifications in 3GPP TS 32.240.

Service Communication Proxy (SCP) has following functionalities:

– Message forwarding and routing to destination NF/NF service.

– Message forwarding and routing to a next hop SCP.

– Indirect Communication, let’s have a bit more information for this function.

NF services may communicate directly between NF Service consumers and NF Service Producers, or indirectly via an SCP.

In Direct Communication, the NF Service consumer performs discovery of the target NF Service producer by local configuration or via NRF. The NF Service consumer communicates with the target NF Service producer directly.

In Indirect Communication, the NF Service consumer communicates with the target NF Service producer via a SCP. The NF Service consumer may be configured to perform discovery of the target NF Service producer directly, or delegate the discovery of the target NF Service Producer to the SCP used for Indirect Communication. In the latter case, the SCP uses the parameters provided by NF Service consumer to perform discovery and/or selection of the target NF Service producer. The SCP address may be locally configured in NF Service consumer.

5g scp service communication proxy

References: 3GPP 23.501, 3GPP 21.915

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5G NR Frequency Bands https://telecompedia.net/5g-nr-frequency-bands/ https://telecompedia.net/5g-nr-frequency-bands/#respond Wed, 15 Jul 2020 07:51:29 +0000 http://telecompedia.net/?p=531 FR1 (Frequency Range 1)   NR operating band Uplink (UL) operating band BS receive / UE transmit FUL_low – FUL_high Downlink (DL) operating band BS transmit / UE receive FDL_low – FDL_high Duplex Mode n1 1920 MHz – 1980 MHz READ MORE

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5G NR Frequency Bands

Based on 3GPP 38.101, following frequency bands will be used in 5G New Radio. The channel arrangements presented in this clause are based on the operating bands and channel bandwidths defined in the present release of specifications.

NOTE:     Other operating bands and channel bandwidths may be considered in future releases.

Frequency range designation Corresponding frequency range
FR1 410 MHz – 7125 MHz
FR2 24250 MHz – 52600 MHz

FR1 (Frequency Range 1)

 

NR operating band

Uplink (UL) operating band
BS receive / UE transmit

FUL_low – FUL_high

Downlink (DL) operating band
BS transmit / UE receive

FDL_low – FDL_high

Duplex Mode

n1

1920 MHz – 1980 MHz

2110 MHz – 2170 MHz

FDD

n2

1850 MHz – 1910 MHz

1930 MHz – 1990 MHz

FDD

n3

1710 MHz – 1785 MHz

1805 MHz – 1880 MHz

FDD

n5

824 MHz – 849 MHz

869 MHz – 894 MHz

FDD

n7

2500 MHz – 2570 MHz

2620 MHz – 2690 MHz

FDD

n8

880 MHz – 915 MHz

925 MHz – 960 MHz

FDD

n12

699 MHz – 716 MHz

729 MHz – 746 MHz

FDD

n14

788 MHz – 798 MHz

758 MHz – 768 MHz

FDD

n18

815 MHz – 830 MHz

860 MHz – 875 MHz

FDD

n20

832 MHz – 862 MHz

791 MHz – 821 MHz

FDD

n25

1850 MHz – 1915 MHz

1930 MHz – 1995 MHz

FDD

n26

814 MHz – 849 MHz

859 MHz – 894 MHz

FDD

n28

703 MHz – 748 MHz

758 MHz – 803 MHz

FDD

n29

N/A

717 MHz – 728 MHz

SDL

n303

2305 Mhz – 2315 MHz

2350 MHz – 2360 MHz

FDD

n34

2010 MHz – 2025 MHz

2010 MHz – 2025 MHz

TDD

n38

2570 MHz – 2620 MHz

2570 MHz – 2620 MHz

TDD

n39

1880 MHz – 1920 MHz

1880 MHz – 1920 MHz

TDD

n40

2300 MHz – 2400 MHz

2300 MHz – 2400 MHz

TDD

n41

2496 MHz – 2690 MHz

2496 MHz – 2690 MHz

TDD

n48

3550 MHz – 3700 MHz

3550 MHz – 3700 MHz

TDD

n50

1432 MHz – 1517 MHz

1432 MHz – 1517 MHz

TDD1

n51

1427 MHz – 1432 MHz

1427 MHz – 1432 MHz

TDD

n53

2483.5 MHz – 2495 MHz

2483.5 MHz – 2495 MHz

TDD

n65

1920 MHz – 2010 MHz

2110 MHz – 2200 MHz

FDD4

n66

1710 MHz – 1780 MHz

2110 MHz – 2200 MHz

FDD

n70

1695 MHz – 1710 MHz

1995 MHz – 2020 MHz

FDD

n71

663 MHz – 698 MHz

617 MHz – 652 MHz

FDD

n74

1427 MHz – 1470 MHz

1475 MHz – 1518 MHz

FDD

n75

N/A

1432 MHz – 1517 MHz

SDL

n76

N/A

1427 MHz – 1432 MHz

SDL

n77

3300 MHz – 4200 MHz

3300 MHz – 4200 MHz

TDD

n78

3300 MHz – 3800 MHz

3300 MHz – 3800 MHz

TDD

n79

4400 MHz – 5000 MHz

4400 MHz – 5000 MHz

TDD

n80

1710 MHz – 1785 MHz

N/A

SUL

n81

880 MHz – 915 MHz

N/A

SUL

n82

832 MHz – 862 MHz

N/A

SUL

n83

703 MHz – 748 MHz

N/A

SUL

n84

1920 MHz – 1980 MHz

N/A

SUL

n86

1710 MHz – 1780 MHz

N/A

SUL

n89

824 MHz – 849 MHz

N/A

SUL

n90

2496 MHz – 2690 MHz

2496 MHz – 2690 MHz

TDD5

n91

832 MHz – 862 MHz

1427 MHz – 1432 MHz

FDD9

n92

832 MHz – 862 MHz

1432 MHz – 1517 MHz

FDD9

n93

880 MHz – 915 MHz

1427 MHz – 1432 MHz

FDD9

n94

880 MHz – 915 MHz

1432 MHz – 1517 MHz

FDD9

n958

2010 MHz – 2025 MHz

N/A

SUL

NOTE 1: UE that complies with the NR Band n50 minimum requirements in this specification shall also comply with the NR Band n51 minimum requirements.

NOTE 2: UE that complies with the NR Band n75 minimum requirements in this specification shall also comply with the NR Band n76 minimum requirements.

NOTE 3: Uplink transmission is not allowed at this band for UE with external vehicle-mounted antennas.

NOTE 4: A UE that complies with the NR Band n65 minimum requirements in this specification shall also comply with the NR Band n1 minimum requirements.

NOTE 5: Unless otherwise stated, the applicability of requirements for Band n90 is in accordance with that for Band n41; a UE supporting Band n90 shall meet the requirements for Band n41. A UE supporting Band n90 shall also support band n41.

NOTE 6: A UE that supports NR Band n66 shall receive in the entire DL operating band.

NOTE 7: A UE that supports NR Band n66 and CA operation in any CA band shall also comply with the minimum requirements specified for the DL CA configurations CA_n66B and CA_n66(2A) in the current version of the specification.

NOTE 8: This band is applicable in China only.

NOTE 9: Variable duplex operation does not enable dynamic variable duplex configuration by the network, and is used such that DL and UL frequency ranges are supported independently in any valid frequency range for the band.

 

FR2 (Frequency Range 2)

 

Operating Band

Uplink (UL) operating band
BS receive
UE transmit

Downlink (DL) operating band
BS transmit
UE receive

Duplex Mode

FUL_low – FUL_high

FDL_low – FDL_high

n257

26500 MHz

–

29500 MHz

26500 MHz

–

29500 MHz

TDD

n258

24250 MHz

–

27500 MHz

24250 MHz

–

27500 MHz

TDD

n260

37000 MHz

–

40000 MHz

37000 MHz

–

40000 MHz

TDD

n261

27500 MHz

–

28350 MHz

27500 MHz

–

28350 MHz

TDD

 

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5G Technology Overview and New Radio (2018) https://telecompedia.net/5g-technology-overview-and-new-radio-2018/ https://telecompedia.net/5g-technology-overview-and-new-radio-2018/#respond Tue, 03 Mar 2020 14:47:33 +0000 http://telecompedia.net/?p=388 I prepared this document for a free training purpose on February 2018. For today March 2020 some items might not be accurate or need update. Multiple resources was used in the document, I added note below on related page. I READ MORE

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I prepared this document for a free training purpose on February 2018. For today March 2020 some items might not be accurate or need update.

Multiple resources was used in the document, I added note below on related page. I did not remember original resource name for some of them to mention. Sorry for that.

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5G NR Sub-carriers https://telecompedia.net/5g-nr-sub-carriers/ https://telecompedia.net/5g-nr-sub-carriers/#respond Fri, 18 Jan 2019 04:46:42 +0000 http://telecompedia.net/?p=350 5G New Radio Resources There is no too big difference in radio part with comparing LTE and it is similar to it with some changes (enhanced, major). Multiple OFDM subcarrier spacing is supported in 5G. It is called “Numerology”. In READ MORE

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5G New Radio Resources

There is no too big difference in radio part with comparing LTE and it is similar to it with some changes (enhanced, major). Multiple OFDM subcarrier spacing is supported in 5G. It is called “Numerology”. In LTE it was just 15 kHz. Unlike previous posts, this time only graphics will be shared which are most effective to understand different subcarrier spacing, symbols and different transmission time intervals. Each band has its own minimum scheduling period, slot length and bandwidth.

Numerology Table

5G New Radio Frame


Numerology with slot lengths


15 kHz


30 kHz


60 kHz

60 kHz

120 kHz


240 kHz


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5G nədir ? https://telecompedia.net/5g/ https://telecompedia.net/5g/#respond Wed, 25 Apr 2018 09:13:55 +0000 http://telecompedia.net/?p=271 Maraq üçün Google-da “5G nədir” yazıb axtardım ki, bəlkə bizim də mobil operatorlarımız bir az yeni texnologiyalar haqqında məlumat paylaşar. Ya mən tapa bilmədim, ya da özləri rus və ya ingilis dilli mənbələrdən oxumaqla kifayətlənirlər. Ona görə də qərar verdim READ MORE

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Maraq üçün Google-da “5G nədir” yazıb axtardım ki, bəlkə bizim də mobil operatorlarımız bir az yeni texnologiyalar haqqında məlumat paylaşar. Ya mən tapa bilmədim, ya da özləri rus və ya ingilis dilli mənbələrdən oxumaqla kifayətlənirlər.

Ona görə də qərar verdim 5G və ondan öncəki istifadə etdiyimiz mobil şəbəkə texnologiyaları haqqında qısa da olsa sadə və öz dilimizdə məqalə yazım. Hər hansı bir yazını bir-başa tərcümə olaraq deyil, oxuduqlarım və təcrübə əsasında. Əvvəlcə digər köhnə deyə biləcəyimiz texnologiyalar haqqında çərçivə daxilində məlumat verim.

Demək olar ki, bütün günü reklamlarda 2G, 3G, 4G və bunun kimi terminlərdən istifadə edilir. Əlbəttə bunları araşdırmış çox insan bilir söhbətin nəydən getdiyini, bilməyənlər üçün:

Əsas simsiz mobil şəbəkə texnologiyaları bunlardı: 1G, 2G, 3G, 4G hansılar ki, bizim ölkəmizdə istifadə olunub və ya hal-hazırda da mobil operatorlar tərəfində istifadədədir. Bəs bu “G” nə deməkdir ? Çox sadə cavabı var. İngiliscə “Generation” yəni Azərbaycan türkcəsində “Nəsil” mənasına gəlir. Misal üçün bunu deyə bilərik ki, 1G dedikdə “birinci nəsil mobil şəbəkə texnologiyaları” nəzərdə tutulur. Bir nəsildə bir neçə texnologiya ola bilər, 1G-dən qısa olaraq başlayaq:

 

1G nədir ?

1970-ci illərin əvvəllərində “Bell Labs” adlanan elmi araşdırma mərkəzdə yaradılıb və əsasən üç müxtəlif texnologiya ilə ilk istifadəsinə bu illərdə başlanıb:

NMT (Nordic Mobile Telephone), 1981-ci ildə istifadəyə verilib

TACS (Total Access Communication System), 1983-cü ildə istifadəyə verilib

AMPS (Advanced Mobile Phone System), 1983-cü ildə istifadəyə verilib

Əgər doğru məlumatım varsa, Azərbaycanın ilk mobil operatoru olan Bakcell 1994-cü ildə yuxarıda adı çəkilən 1G texnologiyalarından TACS-ın istifadəyə verilməsi ilə qurulmuşdur. Bu texnologiyanın o zamana görə çox geniş imkanları var idisə də, indiki zamanla müqayisədə problemləri həddindən artıq çox olub. Gəlin qısa bir texniki baxış edək:

  • Yuxarıda adı çəkilən hər üç texnologiyanın bir-biri ilə işləmə metodu olmayıb
  • Danışılan səs analoq siqnal ilə göndərilirdi. Bu o demək idi ki, hər hansı radio qəbuledici cihaz ilə danışıqları rahatlıqıla dinləmək olardı.
  • FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) radio iş prinsipi ilə işləyirdi. İndiki halda əgər biz maşınımızda gedərkən hər hansı bir radio FM-ə qulaq asırıqsa, burada hər bir radionun öz tezliyi var deməkdir. 1G texnologiyasında da hər bir istifadəçi ayrıca bir tezlik istifadə edirdi.
  • Mobil telefon cihazları çox böyük və ağır idi. Enerji saxlamaq qabiliyyəti çox zəif idi.

 

2G nədir ?

Bu nəsildə olan mobil şəbəkə texnologiyaları 1G ilə müqayisədə çox inkişaf etdirilmişdi. Ən əsası da, danışıqlar rəqəmsal olaraq şifrələnirdi və sadə qəbul edicilərlə onu dinləmək mümkün olmurdu. 2G rəqəmsal idi. Bu mobil şəbəkə nəslinə əsasən aşağədakı texnologiyalar aid edilir:

GSM (Global System for Mobile Communication): əsasən danışıq və mətn istifadə edilirdi

GPRS (General Packet Radio Service): aşağı sürətli internet üçün və 2.5G olaraq da bilinir

EGPRS (Enhanced Packet Radio Service): bir az daha yaxşı internet üçün və 2.75G olaraq da bilinir

 

GSM-in işləməsi üçün olan standartları Avropanın Telekom Standartlaşdırma İnstitutu həyata keçirirdi  ( ingiliscə qısa adı ETSI ).

İlk dəfə 1991-ci ildə Finlandiyada ticari olaraq istifadəyə verilən GSM və hal-hazırda da dünyanın əksər ölkələrində istifadəsi davam edir. Çünki mobil telefonla danışıq və əhatə dairəsini nəzərə aldıqda yeni nəsil texnologiyalarla tam yerdəyişmə etmək hələ ki, çox çətindir.

GSM-in texniki xüsusiyyətlərinə baxdıqda üstünlüklərini aydın görə bilərik:

  • Digər 2G mobil şəbəkə texnologiyaları ilə birgə işləyə bilirdi.
  • TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) zamana görə bölünən radio metodunu işlədərək bir tezlikdə 8 və daha çox istifadəçi götürə bilirdi hansı ki, 1G-də bu bir istifadəçi idi.
  • Qısa mətn yazılarını istifadəçilər bir-birinə göndərə bilirdilər, bu qısa olaraq SMS kimi bilinir. İngiliscə açılışı “Short Message Service”.
  • GPRS və EGPRS texnologiyaları ilə birgə işləyərək 2G-də internet xidməti də mövcud olmağa başladı. Ancaq bu internet sürəti 300 kbit/s – 400 kbit/s-i keçməyə imkan vermədəyi üçün, daha da inkişaf etdirilmiş standartlar lazım idi.

 

3G nədir ?

Bu nəsildə olan texnologiyalara əvvəlkilərindən fərqli olaraq sadəcə səs danışıqlarını əsas götürməyib, eyni zamanda internet xidmətinə də üstünlük verildi. Bu nəsilə aid olan mobil şəbəkə texnologiyaları:

UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System)

CDMA2000 (Code Division Multiple Access)

HSPA və ya HSPA+ (High Speed Packet Access)

Hal-hazırda dünyanın bir çox mobil operatorları, Azərbaycan-dakılar da daxil olmaqla UMTS və HSPA+ texnologiyaların birləşimini istifadə edirlər.

UMTS-in yaradılması və inkişafında Yaponiyanın “NTT Docomo” adındakı şirkətin böyük rolu olub. Dünyada qeyri-ticari (1998-ci ildə) və ticari (2001-ci ildə) olaraq da ilk dəfə adı çəkilən şirkət UMTS-i işə salmışdır. Qısa olaraq texniki xüsusiyyətlərinə diqqət yetirək:

  • WCDMA (Wide Code Division Multiple Access) radio texnologiya metodu istifadə edilir. Adından da göründüyü “Code” əsaslı işlədiyinə görə əvvəlki mobil şəbəkə nəsillərindən fərqli olaraq bütün şəbəkəni sadəcə bir tezliklə planlamaq mümkündür.
  • HSPA ilə UMTS birləşdiyi zaman 21 Mbit/s data sürəti ala bildiyimiz halda, HSPA+ ilə bu 42 Mbit/s qədər çatır. Əksər mobil operatorlar UMTS və HSPA+ ilə olan birləşim texnologiyasını istifadə edirlər.
  • UMTS ilə video görüntülü zəng etmə imkanı yarandısa da, hal-hazırda bu xidmətin elə də geniş istifadə olunmadığı görünür.
  • İşlək vəziyyətdə olan mobil cihaz UMTS və GSM texnologiyaları arasında keçid etmə imkanına malikdir. Təbii ki, əgər hər ikisinini də dəstəkləyirsə.
  • Hal-hazırda istifadə olunan UMTS texnologiyası “3GPP” təşkilatının standartları əsasında işləyir.

Qısaca 3GPP-nin nə olduğuna da nəzər salaq. Bu təşkilat altı ayrı-ayrı ölkə və ərazilərə aid olan təşkilatların əməkdaşlığından ibarətdir: Amerika, Avropa Telekom Standartlaşdırma İnstitutu, Çin, Yaponiya, Hindistan və Cənubi Koreya. Hər bir təşkilatın arxasında araşdırma mərkəzləri, universitetlər, mobil avadanlıq istehsal edən şirkətlər və böyük mobil operatorlar var. Və onların hər birinin təklifi nəzərə alınaraq 3GPP tərəfindən mütamadi “Release” olaraq bilinən seriyalı texniki standartlar buraxılır. Bu nəzəri standartların əsasında istehsalçı şirkətlər (Huawei, ZTE, Nokia, Samsung, Ericsson və sair) öz avadanlıqların hazırlayıb mobil operatorların istifadəsi üçün satışa çıxarırlar.

3GPP sadəcə UMTS üçün yox, eyni zamanda digər texnologiyalar üçün də seriyalı texniki standartlar buraxır.

 

4G nədir ?

Əslində bu sualın cavabı 4G bazara gələndə bir az fikir qarışıqlığına səbəb oldu. Bəzi telefonlar ekranlarında 4G, 4G+, LTE, LTE+ olaraq göstərməyə başladı. Bəs əslində necədir ?

4-cü nəsil mobil şəbəkə texnologiyalarına aşağıdakılarını aid etmək olar:

LTE (Long Term Evolution): 3GPP-nin 8-ci seriyasından standartlaşdırılmağa başladı, 300 Mbit/s data endirmə və 75Mbit/s data göndərmə olaraq nəzərdə tutulmuşdu. İlk dəfə 2009-cu ildə TeliaSonera tərəfindən Norveçdə istifadəyə verildi.

LTE Advanced: 3GPP-nin 10-cu seriyasından standartlaşdırılmağa başladı. Beş fərqli tezliyin birləşməsi və antena sisteminin artırılması ilə nəzəri olaraq 1 Gbit/s data endirmə sürətinə çatmağa malik olan LTE-Advanced praktik olaraq hal-hazırda 450 Mbit/s – 600 Mbit/s çatmaq mümkün olmuşdur. Telefonların ekranında gördüyümüz 4G+, LTE+ kimi loqolar bu texnologiyanın istifadə olunduğunu göstərir. LTE Advanced bizim mobil operatorlar tərəfindən də istifadə olunur.

LTE Advanced Pro: 3GPP-nin 13-cu seriyasından standartlaşdırılmağa başladı. Burada birləşdirilə biləcək tezliklərin sayı 32-ə qədər çıxdı hansı ki, nəzəri data endirmə sürəti 3 Gbit/s olaraq hesablanıb. 5G texnologiyasının giriş qapısı olaraq da adlandıra bilərik. Hal-hazırda LTE-nin bu versiyası kifayət qədər ölkədə istifadə olunur və 4.5G olaraq adlanır.

WiMax (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access): internet xidməti üçün nəzərdə tutulan bu texnologiya 2005-ci illər ətrafında operatorlar tərəfindən istifadə edilməyə başlandı. İndiki halda müqayisə edildiyində UMTS və LTE istifadəsi daha genişdir.

Əsasən LTE istifadə edildiyi üçün, onun texniki xüsusiyyətlərinə nəzər salaq:

  • GSM, UMTS, CDMA ilə birgə işləmə qabiliyyətinə malikdir. Yəni işlək vəziyyətdə olan mobil cihaz bu texnologiyalar arasında keçid edə bilər əgər ki, dəstəkləyirsə.
  • Radio stansiyadan mobil cihaza göndərmə: OFDMA (Othogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) radio texnologiya metodu istifadə edilir.
  • Mobil cihazdan radio stansiyaya göndərmə: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) radio texnologiya metodu istifadə edilir.
  • Bir tezliklə bütün şəbəkə planlaşdırıla bilər.
  • Birbaşa LTE şəbəkəsindən zəng edib danışmaq istəyiriksə, o zaman bu mümkün olmaya bilər. Çünki, bu texnologiyanın danışıq xidmətini dəstəkləməsi üçün əlavə IMS (IP Multimedia Subsystem) şəbəkəsi qurulmalıdır. Maliyyə tərəfi bahalı olduğundan operatorların çoxu hazır qurulmuş 2G və 3G şəbəkələrini danışıq xidməti üçün istifadə edirlər. Yəni, sizin telefonunuz LTE-dədirsə və siz zəng etmək istəyirsinizsə o zaman şəbəkəniz avtomatik 2G/3G-yə gedəcək. Daha sonra ordan zəng başlayacaq. Bu hadisəyə CSFB adı verilib. Burada diqqət edilməsi gərəkən mobil telefonun LTE-ə kilidli qalmamasına fikir vermək lazımdır.

 

5G nədir ?

Nəhayət məqalənin başlığına uyğun olan mövzuya gəlib çatdıq. Bu sualın cavabı olaraq yalnız “daha sürətli internet” demək texniki tərəfdən çox yalnışdır. Əgər bundan öncəki 4G bəndinə baxış keçirsək görərik ki, normal istifadə üçün LTE texnologiyasının təmin etdiyi internet sürəti qənaətbəxşdir və daha sonrasına elə də ehtiyac yoxdur.

5G külli miqdarda xidmətlər toplusuna xidmət edən bir texnologiyadır. Yalnız sürətli internet demək deyil. Bu texnologiyanın əsas hədəfi İnsan-İnsan, Cihaz-Cihaz və İnsan-Cihaz bağlantılarını təmin etməkdir. Bunu bir az izah edək.

3GPP-ə istinadən toplam 74 sahədə xidmət göstərməsi kimi hesablanan bu yeni texnologiya, nəticədə 3 kateqoriyaya qruplaşdırılmışdır. Yəni bütün xidmət növləri bu üç sahənin daxilindədir. Bəs bunlar hansılardır ?

eMBB (Enhanced Mobile Broadband)

uRLLC (Ultra Reliable Low Latency)

mMTC (Massive Machine Type Communication)

Yuxarıda adları çəkilən hər bir xidmət kateqoriyasının oxşar və fərqli texniki tələbatları var. Xidmət sahələrini göstərmək üçün birincidən başlayaq.

eMBB-in xidmət sahələri:

Əvvəlki mobil şəbəkə nəsillərinin ən böyük hədəfi olan yüksək sürətli internet bu kateqoriyaya aid edilir, yəni 4K, 8K UHD keyfiyyətli video, VR (Virtual Reality), AR (Augmented Reality) kimi xidmətlər. Qısası yüksək internet sürəti.

uRLLC-in xidmət sahələri:

Sənayenin avtomatikləşdirilməsi, sürücüsüz nəqliyyat vasitələri, təhlükəsiz avtomobil idarə etmə, məsafəli tibbi müdaxilə və s.

mMTC-in xidmətləri:

Bu kateqoriya digərlərinə görə daha cəlbedicidir. Demək olar ki, bütün ağıllı cihazların bir-biri ilə bağlanması hesablanıb. mMTC həm də “IoT” olaraq da bilinir, yəni onun bir parçası kimi. Çünki, IoT bundan öncəki texnologiyalarda da daha az tutumla olsa da mövcud idi.

IoT – in mənası “Cihazların İnterneti” anlamına gəlir və ingiliscədə “Internet of Things” olaraq yazılır.

Televizor, soyuducu, isitmə sistemi, yanğın sensoru, qaz sensoru, təhlükəsizlik kamerası, sayğacları və daha nələri mMTC-in xidmət sahəsinə aid edə bilərik. Təbii ki, bunlar hal-hazırda evlərdə istifadə etdiyimiz cihazlar olmayacaq. Yeniləri ilə əvəz olunmalıdır hansılar ki, “ağıllı cihaz” adlandırıla bilər. Bu cihazların hər birində 5G şəbəkəsinə bağlanması üçün SIM karta bənzər vasitəçi olacaq. Və ən maraqlı tərəfi də budur ki, bu cihazların əksəriyyəti batareya ilə çalışacaq (sensor, sayğac və s.) və enerji saxlama müddəti 10 ildən daha çox nəzərdə tutulub. Sual yarana bilər ki, bəs şəbəkəyə qoşulan cihaz necə 10 il enerji saxlaya bilər ? Bu cihazları və işləmə prinsipini mobil telefonlar kimi düşünməyək. Çünki, bunların serverə göndərəcəyi məlumat qərarlaşdırılmış zaman aralığında və çox kiçik paketlər olara göndəriləcək. Əgər evimizdən, ofisimizdən, əkin sahəmizdən uzaqda olsaq da onları mobil telefonlara quraşdırlmış uyğun proqramlarla izləmə imkanımız olacaq.

  • Əkin sahasindəki torpağın temperaturu, quruluq dərəcəsi, havası
  • Evimizdə qaz sızıntısı, enerji sərfiyyatı, təhlükəsizliyi
  • Su, qaz, işıq istifadəsinə nəzarət

 

Əlbəttə ki, bu qədər xidmətin ərsəyə gəlməsi üçün 5G texnologiyası bundan öncəkilərlə müqayisədə çox inkişaf etdirilməlidir. Sadaladığımız üç kateqoriya üzrə olan xidmətlərin həyata keçməsi üçün texniki parametrlər daha fərqli olmalıdır.

5G üçün 3GPP tərəfindən 2017-ci ilin Dekabr ayında ilk dəfə olaraq radio texniki standart seriyası buraxıldı. Burada deyilən o idi ki, 5G-nin radio hissəsi müvəqqəti mövcud LTE texnologiyasının Core şəbəkəsinə bağlı olaraq çalışacaq. Bura qədər sadaladığımız bütün texnologiyaların bir şəbəkə quruluşu var hansı ki, 4-5 hissədən ibarətdir: Radio, Transmissiya, Core və başqa serverlər. Core hər bir şəbəkədə mərkəzi systemdir.

5G-nin müstəqil işləməsi üçün, onun Core hissəsinin standartları hazırlanmalıdır. Gözlənilən vaxt 2018-ci ilin ortalarıdır.

Texniki xüsusiyyətlərinə diqqət yetirsək:

  • Massive MIMO adında antenna sistemi istifadə olunacaq, bu siqnalı gücləndirib və internet sürətini artıracaq.
  • 3D Beamforming adında da texnologiya istifadə olunacaq, bu radio siqnalın hər tərəfə deyil bir başa istifadəçiyə fokuslanmağa imkan yaradacaq.
  • mmWave tezlik diapazonu da istifadə ediləcək. Ona görə ki, digər tezlik aralıqları artıq mövcud texnologiyalar tərəfindən istifadə edilir.
  • Radio və Core şəbəkələri virtuallaşdırılacaq. Bir fiziki avadanlıq üzərində əməliyyatlar proqram təminatı ilə aparılacaq. Misal üçün, yeni bir avadanlıq artırmaq lazım olduqda onu fiziki əlavə etməyə ehtiyac olmayacaq. Sadəcə proqram ilə artırıla biləcək. Bu da öz növbəsində həm vaxt həm də maliyyə tərəfindən xeyli qənaətə səbəb olacaq.
  • Small Cell –in sayı artırılacaq, bunun əsas səbəbi mmWave-in istifadə edilməsidir. mmWave (milli meter wave), yüksək tezlik diapazonunda yerləşən və dalğa uzunluğu milli metr səviyyəsində olduğu üçün əhatə dairəsində problem yaşadır. Small Cell kiçik həcmli, daha aşağı enerji ilə işləyən baza stansiyalardır
  • Radio stansiyada yerləşən RRH və BBU avadanlıqlarını ayırmaq, stansiyada sadəcə antena və RRH saxlayıb BBU-ları bir neçə mərkəzdə toplamaq imkanı olacaq.
  • Radio tərəfdə məlumatın göndərilmə tezliyi 1ms (milli saniyə) olaraq hədəflənib..
  • Yuxarıda saydığımız hər bir xidmət kateqoriya üçün ayrıca fiziki şəbəkə qurulmayacaq, bir fiziki şəbəkə üzərində hər xidmət qrupu üzrə virtual şəbəkələr yaradılacaq.
  • Hədəflənən pik data endirmə sürəti 20 GBit/s, data göndərmə sürəti isə 10 GBit/s
  • 1km2 ərazidə bir milyondan çox cihazın bağlantısını təmin etmək.
  • Şəbəkə tutum həcmini 1000 dəfədən çox artırmaq.
  • İstifadəçinin orta data endirmə sürəti 100 Mbit/s, data göndərmə sürəti 50 Mbit/s

 

Yuxarıda sadaladıqlarımızdan da göründüyü kimi, 5G sadəcə yüksək internet sürəti təmin etməyib çox keniş bir sahəni əhatə edəcək. Hal-hazırda texnologiyanın araşdırılması və standartlaşdırılması yekunlaşmayıb. Ticari olaraq istifadəyə verilməsi 2020-ci ildə nəzərdə tutulub. Buna baxmayaraq test şəbəkələri yaradılır və bir çox operatorlar 5G-ni yoxlamaq üçün sanki bir-biri ilə yarış içərisindədirlər.

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Smart Home solution with Internet of Things https://telecompedia.net/smart-home-solution-with-internet-of-things/ https://telecompedia.net/smart-home-solution-with-internet-of-things/#respond Thu, 19 Apr 2018 18:27:51 +0000 http://telecompedia.net/?p=254 Smart Home solution with IoT is introduced by Huawei. Internet of Things (IoT) connects almost every smart things to each other. Smart counters, refrigerators, cars, traffic lights, coolers etc… The video is broadcasting over YouTube:  

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Smart Home solution with IoT is introduced by Huawei. Internet of Things (IoT) connects almost every smart things to each other. Smart counters, refrigerators, cars, traffic lights, coolers etc…

The video is broadcasting over YouTube:

 

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5G Overview https://telecompedia.net/5g-overview/ https://telecompedia.net/5g-overview/#comments Mon, 15 Jan 2018 16:09:06 +0000 http://telecompedia.net/?p=222   In this article general overview of 5G will be described, we need to remind that the 3GPP technical specifications for 5G are not fully completed yet. Recently (on 20th of December 2017) at Lisbon – Portugal during the 3GPP’s READ MORE

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In this article general overview of 5G will be described, we need to remind that the 3GPP technical specifications for 5G are not fully completed yet. Recently (on 20th of December 2017) at Lisbon – Portugal during the 3GPP’s quarterly plenary meeting, announced the completion of first 5G NR specifications. It was Non-standalone 5G NR specifications. The details was described below. NR means “New Radio”.

— 5G Introduction
— 5G Overall Architecture
— Radio Deployment Modes
— Millimeter Waves
— Massive MIMO
— Beamforming
— Radio Resources

5G Introduction:

The aim of 5G is to provide higher capacity than current technologies, more data speed, lower latency, lower battery consumption, better environment to implement “Internet of Things” and of course all these things are for user satisfaction.

There are some technologies which are key features to achieve the targets in 5G: Millimeter Waves, Massive MIMO and Beamforming. 3GPP specifications are not finished yet for 5G, so the key features might be increased in the future.

5G Overall Architecture:

As legacy technologies, also 5G mainly consists of radio base stations and core network elements.

 

Simple comparison table

GSM WCDMA LTE 5G
GERAN UTRAN EUTRAN NG-RAN
BTS NodeB eNodeB gNB
BSC RNC – –

5G network elements and their main functions

• AMF — Access and Mobility Management Function: Access Authentication, Mobility
Management Control, NAS signalling security, AS Security control, Registration Area management.
• SMF — Session Management Function: UE IP allocation and management, Control part of policy enforcement and QoS.
• UPF — User Plane Function: Anchor point for Intra-/Inter-RAT mobility, Packet routing & forwarding.
• PCF — Policy Control Function: Packet routing & forwarding, Packet routing & forwarding.
• UDM — Unified Data Management: Packet routing & forwarding.
• NRF — NF Repository Function: This is a new functionality that provides registration and discovery functinality so that network functions (NF) can discover each other and communicate via application progamming interfaces.

• gNB: Node providing NR (New Radio) user plane and control plane protocol terminations towards the UE, and connected via the NG interface to the 5GC.
These are main function of gNB:

Radio Bearer Control, Radio Admission Control, Connection Mobility Control, Dynamic allocation of resources to UEs in both uplink and downlink, IP header compression, encryption and integrity protection of data.

Radio Deployment Modes:

As mentioned above, recently 3GPP announced the completion of first 5G NR specifications. It was non-standalone 5G NR specifications, so it means 5G base station (it is called as gNB) is allocated with an LTE eNodeB and connected to the 4G Core Network (EPC) with S1-U interface to carry user traffic. But user control plane is connected over LTE eNodeB to the core. In this scenario the 5G works as a secondary cell to improve throughput and capacity.

For standalone architecture 5G core network is required to deploy, which is called as NG-Core or 5GC. Here “NG” means Next Generation.

 

Millimeter Waves:

Target of 5G is to provide higher capacity and more internet speed, but how? Most of the frequency bands are occupied and used by the existing technologies. So there should be a new band which has never been used in large scale. And there is such kind of band which is “Millimeter Waves” and the range is between 30 GHz and 300 GHz. Why do we call it as “millimeter”? Because its wavelength is too small if we compare it with existing used frequencies. Wavelength starts from 10 mm to 1 mm and that is the reason it is called as “millimeter waves”. Abbreviated version is “mmWave”

Currently following frequency ranges are allocated for 5G usage, it might be changed in the future:

Frequency Range Corresponding Frequency Range
Range_1 450 MHz – 6000 MHz
Range_2 24250 MHz – 52600 MHz

 

There is a drawback of millimeter waves, the waves cannot easily penetrate buildings or obstacles because of shorter wavelengths. To handle this issue there are several solutions, which two of them are:

Small cells: mini base stations with less power, we can call it as street level sites.
Massive MIMO: will be described on the next clause.

 

Massive MIMO:

MIMO means multiple input multiple output. Currently legacy MIMO is being used by GSM, WCDMA or LTE technologies. It might be 2T2R, 4T4R or 8T8R (here “T” is the transmitting part, and “R” is the receiving part). There is an advanced version of legacy MIMO which is called “Massive MIMO” or “Very Large MIMO”, “Hyper MIMO”. It is applicable to be used in 5G base stations and can support about a hundred ports even more, which means many antennas can allocate on a single array. Consequently a base station can send and receive signals from many users at once, increasing coverage and capacity in the network. Massive MIMO is not only limited with 5G mmWave spectrum, it can also be used in LTE-Advanced Pro or 3500 MHz at 5G.

We can give a question, if number of antenna elements are huge then what about size of antenna panel? It is ok, no issue. Because wavelength of mmWave is too small then size of antenna elements will be smaller.

One more question, if there are many antenna elements and signals are crossing each other. Will it cause for interference? There is a solution for this case. It is beamforming.

Beamforming:

Beamforming is a signal processing technique for radio base stations which identifies the most effective route for data delivery to a particular user. As mentioned above, mmWave cannot easily pass through buildings or obstacles. With Beamforming technique, a signal will be focused and directed to a user, rather than transmitting in many directions at once. Consequently it reduces interference for the neighboring users and can strengthen the signal due to concentrating on one user.

 

Radio Resources:

There is no too much variations in radio part and it is similar to LTE with some changes. Multiple OFDM subcarrier spacing are supported in 5G. It is called “Numerologies”. In LTE it was just 15kHz. 5G radio part will be described with details and shared soon.

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